Függelék:Japán Swadesh lista
Presentation[szerkesztés]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[szerkesztés]
No. | English | 日本語 Kanji characters |
にほんご Hiragana syllabary |
Nihongo Hepburn romanization |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I | 私 | わたし | watashi |
2 | you (singular) | 貴方, 貴女 | あなた | anata |
3 | he | 彼 | かれ | kare |
4 | we | 私達 | わたしたち | watashitachi |
5 | you (plural) | 貴方達 | あなたたち | anatatachi |
6 | they | 彼等, 彼ら | かれら | karera |
7 | this | 此れ | これ | kore |
8 | that | 其れ | それ | sore |
9 | here | 此処 | ここ | koko |
10 | there | 其処 | そこ | soko |
11 | who | 誰 | だれ | dare |
12 | what | 何 | なに | nani |
13 | where | 何処 | どこ | doko |
14 | when | 何時 | いつ | itsu |
15 | how | 如何 | いかが | ikaga |
16 | not | 無い | ない | -nai |
17 | all | 全て, 皆 | すべて, みな | subete, mina |
18 | many | 多い | おおい | ooi |
19 | some | 少し | すこし | sukoshi |
20 | few | 少ない | すくない | sukunai |
21 | other | 他 | ほか | hoka |
22 | one | 一 | ひと | hito |
23 | two | 二 | ふた | futa |
24 | three | 三 | み | mi |
25 | four | 四 | よ | yo |
26 | five | 五 | いつ | itsu |
27 | big | 大きい | おおきい | ōkii |
28 | long | 長い | ながい | nagai |
29 | wide | 広い | ひろい | hiroi |
30 | thick | 厚い | あつい | atsui |
31 | heavy | 重い | おもい | omoi |
32 | small | 小さい | ちいさい | chīsai |
33 | short | 短い | みじかい | mijikai |
34 | narrow | 狭い | せまい | semai |
35 | thin | 細い | ほそい | hosoi |
36 | woman | 女 | おんな, め | onna, me |
37 | man (male) | 男 | おとこ, お | otoko, o |
38 | man (human) | 人 | ひと | hito |
39 | child | 子 | こ | ko |
40 | wife | 妻 | つま | tsuma |
41 | husband | 夫 | おっと | otto |
42 | mother | 母 | はは | haha |
43 | father | 父 | ちち | chichi |
44 | animal | 獣 | けもの | kemono |
45 | fish | 魚 | うお, さかな | uo, sakana |
46 | bird | 鳥 | とり | tori |
47 | dog | 犬 | いぬ | inu |
48 | louse | 虱 | しらみ | shirami |
49 | snake | 蛇 | へび | hebi |
50 | worm | 蚯蚓 | みみず | mimizu |
51 | tree | 木 | き | ki |
52 | forest | 森 | もり | mori |
53 | stick | 杖 | つえ | tsue |
54 | fruit | 果物 | くだもの | kudamono |
55 | seed | 種 | たね | tane |
56 | leaf | 葉 | は | ha |
57 | root | 根 | ね | ne |
58 | bark (of a tree) | 樹皮, 木肌 | じゅひ, きはだ | juhi, kihada |
59 | flower | 花 | はな | hana |
60 | grass | 草 | くさ | kusa |
61 | rope | 縄 | なわ | nawa |
62 | skin | 皮 | かわ | kawa |
63 | meat | 肉 | にく, しし | niku, shishi |
64 | blood | 血 | ち | chi |
65 | bone | 骨 | ほね | hone |
66 | fat (noun) | 脂 | あぶら | abura |
67 | egg | 卵 | たまご | tamago |
68 | horn | 角 | つの | tsuno |
69 | tail | 尾, 尻尾 | お, しっぽ | o, shippo |
70 | feather | 羽 | はね | hane |
71 | hair | 髪 | かみ | kami |
72 | head | 頭 | あたま | atama |
73 | ear | 耳 | みみ | mimi |
74 | eye | 目 | め | me |
75 | nose | 鼻 | はな | hana |
76 | mouth | 口 | くち | kuchi |
77 | tooth | 歯 | は | ha |
78 | tongue | 舌 | した | shita |
79 | fingernail | 爪 | つめ | tsume |
80 | foot | 足 | あし | ashi |
81 | leg | 脚 | あし | ashi |
82 | knee | 膝 | ひざ | hiza |
83 | hand | 手 | て | te |
84 | wing | 翼 | つばさ | tsubasa |
85 | belly | 腹 | はら | hara |
86 | guts | 腸, 肝 | はらわた, きも | harawata, kimo |
87 | neck | 首 | くび | kubi |
88 | back | 背 | せ | se |
89 | breast | 胸 (chest) 乳 (female organ) |
むね (chest) ちち (female organ) |
mune (chest) chichi (female organ) |
90 | heart | 心, 心臓 | こころ, しんぞう | kokoro, shinzō |
91 | liver | 肝, 肝臓 | きも, かんぞう | kimo, kanzō |
92 | to drink | 飲む | のむ | nomu |
93 | to eat | 食べる | たべる | taberu |
94 | to bite | 噛む | かむ | kamu |
95 | to suck | 吸う | すう | suu |
96 | so spit | 唾を吐く | つばをはく | tsuba o haku |
97 | to vomit | 吐く | はく | haku |
98 | to blow | 吹く | ふく | fuku |
99 | to breathe | 息をする | いきをする | iki o suru |
100 | to laugh | 笑う | わらう | warau |
101 | to see | 見る | みる | miru |
102 | to hear | 聞く | きく | kiku |
103 | to know | 知る | しる | shiru |
104 | to think | 思う | おもう | omou |
105 | to smell | 嗅ぐ | かぐ | kagu |
106 | to fear | 恐れる | おそれる | osoreru |
107 | to sleep | 眠る、寝る | ねむる、ねる | neru |
108 | to live | 生きる | いきる | ikiru |
109 | to die | 死ぬ | しぬ | shinu |
110 | to kill | 殺す | ころす | korosu |
111 | to fight | 闘う | たたかう | tatakau |
112 | to hunt | 狩る | かる | karu |
113 | to hit | 叩く | たたく | tataku |
114 | to cut | 切る | きる | kiru |
115 | to split | 割る | わる | waru |
116 | to stab | 刺す | さす | sasu |
117 | to scratch | 掻く | かく | kaku |
118 | to dig | 掘る | ほる | horu |
119 | to swim | 泳ぐ | およぐ | oyogu |
120 | to fly | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
121 | to walk | 歩く | あるく | aruku |
122 | to come | 来る | くる | kuru |
123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 寝る | ねる | neru |
124 | to sit | 座る | すわる | suwaru |
125 | to stand | 起きる | おきる | okiru |
126 | to turn (intransitive) | 回る | まわる | mawaru |
127 | to fall | 落ちる | おちる | ochiru |
128 | to give | 与える | あたえる | ataeru |
129 | to hold | 持つ | もつ | motsu |
130 | to squeeze | 絞る | しぼる | shiboru |
131 | to rub | 擦る | こする | kosuru |
132 | to wash | 洗う | あらう | arau |
133 | to wipe | 拭く | ふく | fuku |
134 | to pull | 引く | ひく | hiku |
135 | to push | 押す | おす | osu |
136 | to throw | 投げる | なげる | nageru |
137 | to tie | 結ぶ | むすぶ | musubu |
138 | to sew | 縫う | ぬう | nuu |
139 | to count | 数える | かぞえる | kazoeru |
140 | to say | 言う | いう | iu |
141 | to sing | 歌う | うたう | utau |
142 | to play | 遊ぶ | あそぶ | asobu |
143 | to float | 浮く | うく | uku |
144 | to flow | 流れる | ながれる | nagareru |
145 | to freeze | 凍る | こおる | kōru |
146 | to swell | 膨らむ | ふくらむ | fukuramu |
147 | sun | 日 | ひ | hi |
148 | moon | 月 | つき | tsuki |
149 | star | 星 | ほし | hoshi |
150 | water | 水 | みず | mizu |
151 | rain | 雨 | あめ | ame |
152 | river | 川 | かわ | kawa |
153 | lake | 湖 | みずうみ | mizuumi |
154 | sea | 海 | うみ | umi |
155 | salt | 塩 | しお | shio |
156 | stone | 石 | いし | ishi |
157 | sand | 砂 | すな | suna |
158 | dust | 塵 | ちり | chiri |
159 | earth | 土 | つち | tsuchi |
160 | cloud | 雲 | くも | kumo |
161 | fog | 霧 | きり | kiri |
162 | sky | 空 | そら | sora |
163 | wind | 風 | かぜ | kaze |
164 | snow | 雪 | ゆき | yuki |
165 | ice | 氷 | こおり | kōri |
166 | smoke | 煙 | けむり | kemuri |
167 | fire | 火 | ひ | hi |
168 | ash | 灰 | はい | hai |
169 | to burn | 燃える | もえる | moeru |
170 | road | 道 | みち | michi |
171 | mountain | 山 | やま | yama |
172 | red | 赤 | あか | aka |
173 | green | 緑 | みどり | midori |
174 | yellow | 黄 | き | ki |
175 | white | 白 | しろ | shiro |
176 | black | 黒 | くろ | kuro |
177 | night | 夜 | よる | yoru |
178 | day | 日 | ひ | hi |
179 | year | 年 | とし | toshi |
180 | warm | 暖かい | あたたかい | atatakai |
181 | cold | 寒い | さむい | samui |
182 | full | 満ちた | みちた | michita |
183 | new | 新しい | あたらしい | atarashii |
184 | old | 古い | ふるい | furui |
185 | good | 良い | いい | ii |
186 | bad | 悪い | わるい | warui |
187 | rotten | 腐った | くさった | kusatta |
188 | dirty | 汚い | きたない | kitanai |
189 | straight | 真っ直ぐ | まっすぐ | massugu |
190 | round | 丸い | まるい | marui |
191 | sharp (as a knife) | 鋭い | するどい | surudoi |
192 | dull (as a knife) | 鈍い | にぶい | nibui |
193 | smooth | 滑らか | なめらか | nameraka |
194 | wet | 濡れた | ぬれた | nureta |
195 | dry | 乾いた | かわいた | kawaita |
196 | correct | 正しい | ただしい | tadashii |
197 | near | 近い | ちかい | chikai |
198 | far | 遠い | とおい | tōi |
199 | right | 右 | みぎ | migi |
200 | left | 左 | ひだり | hidari |
201 | at | で | de | |
202 | in | で | de | |
203 | with | と | to | |
204 | and | と | to | |
205 | if | 若し | もし, なら, -ば | moshi, nara, ba |
206 | because | から | kara | |
207 | name | 名 | な | na |
See also[szerkesztés]
Bibliography[szerkesztés]
- Banzaï - méthode de japonais (Nathalie Rouillé, Isabelle Raimbault), Ellipses, Paris 2003 - ISBN 2-7298-1647-X
- Les mots du japonais (Florence Bernaudeau, Fabrice Escot), Ellipses, Paris 1996 - ISBN 2-7298-9698-8
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6
See also[szerkesztés]
- Appendix:1000 Japanese basic words
- Wiktionary:Japanese Swadesh list
- Appendix:Proto-Japanese Swadesh list