Függelék:Latin Swadesh lista

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No.	English	Latin latina	Classical script	IPA pronunciation
1	I	ego	ego	ˈɛ.ɡoː
2	you (singular)	tu	tv	ˈt̪uː
3	he	is (m.), ea (f.), id (n.)	is, ea, id	ˈɪs, ˈe.a, ˈɪd̪
4	we	nos	nos	ˈnoːs
5	you (plural)	vos	vos	ˈwoːs
6	they	ei, ii (m.), eae (f.), ea (n.)	ei, ii, eae, ea	ˈe.iː/ˈi.iː, ˈe.ae̯, ˈe.a
7	this	hic (m.), haec (f.), hoc (n.)	hic, haec, hoc	ˈhɪk, ˈhae̯k, ˈhɔk
8	that	ille (m.), illa (f.), illud (n.)	ille, illa, illvd	ˈɪl.lʲɛ, ˈɪl.lʲa, ˈɪl.lʲʊd
9	here	hic	hic	ˈhɪk
10	there	illic, ibi	illic, ibi	ˈɪl.lʲɪk, ˈɪ.bɪ
11	who	quis (m.), quae (f.)	qvis, qvae	ˈkᶣɪs, ˈkʷae̯
12	what	quid	qvid	ˈkᶣɪd̪
13	where	ubi	vbi	ˈʊ.bɪ
14	when	cum, quando	cvm, qvando	ˈkʊ̃ˑ, ˈkʷan̪.d̪oː
15	how	quomodo	qvomodo	ˈkʷoː.mɔ.d̪ɔ
16	not	non, ne	non, ne	ˈnoːn, ˈneː
17	all	omnes (mf.), omnia (n.)	omnes, omnia	ˈɔm.neːs, ˈɔm.ni.a
18	many	multi (m.), multae (f.), multa (n.)	mvlti, mvltae, mvlta	ˈmʊɫ.t̪iː, ˈmʊɫ.t̪ae̯, ˈmʊɫ.t̪a
19	some	aliqui (m.), aliqua (f.), aliquod (n.)	aliqvi, aliqva, aliqvod	ˈa.lʲɪ.kᶣiː, ˈa.lʲɪ.kʷa, ˈa.lʲɪ.kʷɔd̪
20	few	pauci (m.), paucae (f.), pauca (n.)	pavci, pavcae, pavca	ˈpaʊ̯.kiː, ˈpaʊ̯.kae̯, ˈpaʊ̯.ka
21	other	alter, alius	alter, alivs	ˈaɫ̪.t̪ɛ̞r, ˈa.lʲi.ʊs
22	one	unus	vnvs	ˈuː.nʊs
23	two	duo	dvo	ˈd̪ʊ.ɔ
24	three	tres	tres	t̪reːs
25	four	quattuor	qvattvor	ˈkʷat̪.t̪ʊ.ɔr
26	five	quinque	qvinqve	ˈkᶣiːŋ.kᶣɛ
27	big	magnus	magnvs	ˈmaŋ.nʊs
28	long	longus	longvs	ˈɫɔŋ.ɡʊs
29	wide	latus	latvs	ˈɫaː.t̪ʊs
30	thick	crassus	crassvs	ˈkras.sʊs
31	heavy	gravis	gravis	ˈɡra.wɪs
32	small	parvus	parvvs	ˈpar.wʊs
33	short	brevis	brevis	ˈbrɛ.wɪs
34	narrow	angustus	angvstvs	aŋ.ˈɡʊs̪.t̪ʊs
35	thin	gracilis, tenuis	gracilis, tenvis	ˈɡra.kɪ.lʲɪs, ˈt̪ɛ.nʊ.ɪs
36	woman	femina, mulier	femina, mvlier	ˈfeː.mɪ.na, ˈmʊ.lʲɪ.ɛ̞r
37	man (adult male)	vir	vir	ˈwɪr
38	man (human being)	homo	homo	ˈhɔ.moː
39	child	puer	pver	ˈpʊ.ɛ̞r
40	wife	uxor, mulier	vxor, mvlier	ˈʊk.sɔr, ˈmʊ.lʲɪ.ɛ̞r
41	husband	maritus	maritvs	ma.ˈriː.t̪ʊs
42	mother	mater	mater	ˈmaː.t̪ɛ̞r
43	father	pater	pater	ˈpa.t̪ɛ̞r
44	animal	animal	animal	ˈa.nɪ.maɫ
45	fish	piscis	piscis	ˈpɪs.kɪs
46	bird	avis	avis	ˈa.wɪs
47	dog	canis	canis	ˈka.nɪs
48	louse	pedis (pediculus)	pedis (pedicvlvs)	ˈpeː.d̪ɪs (peː.ˈd̪iː.kʊ.ɫʊs)
49	snake	serpens, anguis	serpens, angvis	ˈsɛ̞r.pẽːs, ˈaŋ.ɡᶣɪs
50	worm	vermis	vermis	ˈwɛ̞r.mɪs
51	tree	arbor	arbor	ˈar.bɔr
52	forest	silva	silva	ˈsɪɫ.wa
53	stick	baculum, palus	bacvlvm, palvs	ˈba.kʊ.ɫʊ̃ˑ, ˈpaː.ɫʊs
54	fruit	fructus	frvctvs	ˈfruːk.t̪ʊs
55	seed	semen	semen	ˈseː.mɛn
56	leaf	folium	folivm	ˈfɔ.lʲɪ.ʊ̃ˑ
57	root	radix	radix	ˈraː.d̪iːks
58	bark (of a tree)	cortex	cortex	ˈkɔr.t̪ɛks
59	flower	flos	flos	ˈfɫoːs
60	grass	herba	herba	ˈhɛ̞r.ba
61	rope	funis, restis	fvnis, restis	ˈfuː.nɪs, ˈrɛs.t̪ɪs
62	skin	cutis	cvtis	ˈkʊ.t̪ɪs
63	meat	caro	caro	ˈka.roː
64	blood	sanguis	sangvis	ˈsaŋ.ɡᶣɪs
65	bone	os	os	ˈɔs
66	fat (noun)	pinguamen	pingvamen	ˈa.d̪ɛps, pɪŋ.ˈɡʷaː.mɛn
67	egg	ovum	ovvm	ˈɔ.wʊ̃ˑ
68	horn	cornu	cornv	ˈkɔr.nuː
69	tail	cauda	cavda	ˈkaʊ̯.d̪a
70	feather	penna	penna	ˈpɛn.na
71	hair	pilus	pilvs	ˈpɪ.ɫʊs
72	head	caput	capvt	ˈka.pʊt̪
73	ear	auris	avris	ˈaʊ̯.rɪs
74	eye	oculus	ocvlvs	ˈɔ.kʊ.ɫʊs
75	nose	nasus, naris	nasvs, naris	ˈnaː.sʊs, ˈnaː.rɪs
76	mouth	os	os	ˈoːs
77	tooth	dens	dens	ˈd̪ẽːs
78	tongue (organ)	lingua	lingva	ˈlʲɪŋ.ɡʷa
79	fingernail	unguis	vngvis	ˈʊŋ.ɡᶣɪs
80	foot	pes	pes	ˈpeːs
81	leg	crus	crvs	ˈkruːs
82	knee	genu	genv	ˈɡɛ.nuː
83	hand	manus	manvs	ˈma.nʊs
84	wing	ala	ala	ˈaː.ɫa
85	belly	venter, abdomen	venter, abdomen	ˈwɛn̪.t̪ɛ̞r, ab.doː.mɛn
86	guts	viscera	viscera	ˈwɪs.kʊs
87	neck	cervix	cervix	ˈkɛ̞r.wiːks
88	back	dorsum, tergum	dorsvm, tergvm	ˈd̪ɔr.sʊ̃ˑ, ˈt̪ɛ̞r.ɡʊ̃ˑ
89	breast	mamma	mamma	ˈmam.ma
90	heart	cor	cor	ˈkɔr
91	liver	iecur	iecvr	ˈjɛ.kʊr
92	to drink	bibere	bibere	ˈbɪ.bɛ.rɛ
93	to eat	edere	edere	ˈɛ.dɛ.rɛ
94	to bite	mordere	mordere	mɔr.d̪eː.rɛ
95	to suck	sugere	svgere	ˈsuː.ɡɛ.rɛ
96	to spit	spuere	spvere	ˈspʊ.ɛ.rɛ
97	to vomit	vomere	vomere	ˈwɔ.mɛ.rɛ
98	to blow	(in)flare	inflare	ˈfɫaː.rɛ
99	to breathe	(re)spirare	respirare	spiː.ˈraː.rɛ
100	to laugh	ridere	ridere	riː.ˈd̪eː.rɛ
101	to see	videre	videre	wɪ.ˈd̪eː.rɛ
102	to hear	audire	avdire	aʊ̯.ˈd̪iː.rɛ
103	to know	scire	scire	ˈskiː.rɛ
104	to think	cogitare, putare, existimare	cogitare, pvtare, existimare	koː.ɡɪ.ˈt̪aː.rɛ, pʊ.ˈt̪aː.rɛ, ɛk.siːs̪.t̪ɪ.ˈmaː.rɛ
105	to smell	olfacere	olfacere	ɔɫ.ˈfa.kɛ.rɛ
106	to fear	timere	timere	t̪ɪ.ˈmeː.rɛ
107	to sleep	dormire	dormire	d̪ɔr.ˈmiː.rɛ
108	to live	vivere	vivere	ˈwiː.wɛ.rɛ
109	to die	mori	mori	ˈmɔ.riː
110	to kill	necare	necare	nɛ.ˈkaː.rɛ
111	to fight	luctari, pugnare	lvctari, pvgnare	ɫuːk.ˈt̪aː.riː
112	to hunt	venari	venari	pʊŋ.ˈnaː.rɛ
113	to hit	pellere, pulsare	pellere, pvlsare	weː.ˈnaː.riː
114	to cut	secare, caedere	secare, caedere	ˈpɛl.lʲɛ.rɛ
115	to split	dividere, scindere	dividere, scindere	d̪iː.ˈwɪ.d̪ɛ.rɛ, ˈskɪn̪.d̪ɛ.rɛ
116	to stab	pungere	pvngere	ˈpʊŋ.ɡɛ.rɛ
117	to scratch	scabere, radere	scabere, radere	ˈska.bɛ.rɛ, ˈraː.d̪ɛ.rɛ
118	to dig	fodere	fodere	ˈfɔ.d̪ɛ.rɛ
119	to swim	nare, natare	nare, natare	ˈnaː.rɛ, na.ˈt̪aː.rɛ
120	to fly	volare	volare	wɔ.ˈɫaː.rɛ
121	to walk	ambulare	ambvlare	am.bʊ.ˈɫaː.rɛ
122	to come	venire	venire	wɛ.ˈniː.rɛ
123	to lie (as in a bed)	cubare, iacere	cvbare, iacere	kʊ.ˈbaː.rɛ, ja.ˈkeː.rɛ
124	to sit	sedere	sedere	sɛ.ˈd̪eː.rɛ
125	to stand	stare	stare	ˈs̪t̪aː.rɛ
126	to turn (intransitive)	vertere	vertere	ˈwɛ̞r.t̪ɛ.rɛ
127	to fall	cadere	cadere	ˈka.dɛ.rɛ
128	to give	dare	dare	ˈda.rɛ
129	to hold	tenere	tenere	t̪ɛ.ˈneː.rɛ
130	to squeeze	exprimere	exprimere	ɛks.ˈprɪ.mɛ.rɛ
131	to rub	fricare, terere	fricare, terere	frɪ.ˈkaː.rɛ, ˈt̪ɛ.rɛ.rɛ
132	to wash	lavare	lavare	ɫa.ˈwaː.rɛ
133	to wipe	tergere	tergere	t̪ɛ̞r.ˈɡeː.rɛ
134	to pull	trahere	trahere	ˈt̪ra.hɛ.rɛ
135	to push	pellere	pellere	ˈpɛl.lʲɛ.rɛ
136	to throw	iacere	iacere	ˈja.kɛ.rɛ
137	to tie	ligare	ligare	lʲɪ.ˈɡaː.rɛ
138	to sew	(con)suere	consvere	ˈsʊ.ɛ.rɛ
139	to count	computare, numerare	compvtare, nvmerare	kɔm.pʊ.ˈt̪aː.rɛ, nʊ.mɛ.ˈraː.rɛ
140	to say	dicere	dicere	ˈd̪ɪ.kɛ.rɛ
141	to sing	canere	canere	ˈka.nɛ.rɛ
142	to play	ludere	lvdere	ˈɫuː.dɛ.rɛ
143	to float	fluctuare, fluitare	flvctvare, flvitare	fɫuːk.t̪ʊ.ˈaː.rɛ, fɫʊ.ɪ.ˈt̪aː.rɛ
144	to flow	fluere	flvere	ˈfɫʊ.ɛ.rɛ
145	to freeze	gelare	gelare	ɡɛ.ˈɫaː.rɛ
146	to swell	augere, tumere	avgere, tvmere	aʊ̯.ˈɡeː.rɛ, t̪ʊ.ˈmeː.rɛ
147	sun	sol	sol	ˈsoːɫ
148	moon	luna	lvna	ˈɫuː.na
149	star	stella	stella	ˈs̪t̪eːl.lʲa
150	water	aqua	aqva	ˈa.kʷa
151	rain	pluvia	plvvia	ˈpɫʊ.wi.a
152	river	flumen, fluvius, amnis	flvmen, flvvivs, amnis	ˈfɫuː.mɛn, ˈfɫʊ.wi.ʊs, ˈam.nɪs
153	lake	lacus	lacvs	ˈɫa.kʊs
154	sea	mare	mare	ˈma.rɛ
155	salt	sal	sal	ˈsaːɫ
156	stone	saxum, lapis, petra	saxvm, lapis, petra	ˈsak.sʊ̃ˑ, ˈɫa.pɪs, ˈpɛ.tra
157	sand	harena	harena	ha.ˈreː.nɑ
158	dust	pulvis	pvlvis	ˈpʊɫ.wɪs
159	earth	humus, terra, ager	hvmvs, terra, ager	ˈhʊ.mʊs, ˈt̪ɛ̞r.ra, ˈa.ɡɛ̞r
160	cloud	nubes, nebula	nvbes, nebvla	ˈnuː.beːs, ˈnɛ.bʊ.ɫa
161	fog	caligo, nebula, tenebrae	caligo, nebvla, tenebrae	kaː.ˈlʲiː.ɡoː, ˈnɛ.bʊ.ɫa, t̪ɛ.ˈnɛb.rae̯
162	sky	caelum	caelvm	ˈkae̯.ɫʊ̃ˑ
163	wind	ventus	ventvs	ˈwɛn̪.t̪ʊs
164	snow	nix	nix	ˈnɪks
165	ice	gelu	gelv	ˈɡɛ.ɫuː
166	smoke	fumus	fvmvs	ˈfuː.mʊs
167	fire	ignis	ignis	ˈiːŋ.nɪs
168	ash	cinis	cinis	ˈkɪ.nɪs
169	to burn	urere, flammare	vrere, flammare	ˈuː.rɛ.rɛ, fɫam.ˈmaː.rɛ
170	road	via	via	ˈwi.a
171	mountain	mons	mons	ˈmõːs
172	red	ruber, rufus	rvber, rvfvs	ˈrʊ.bɛr, ˈruː.fʊs
173	green	viridis	viridis	ˈwɪ.rɪ.d̪ɪs
174	yellow	croceus, flavus	crocevs, flavvs	ˈkrɔ.ke.ʊs, ˈfɫaː.wʊs
175	white	albus, candidus	albvs, candidvs	ˈaɫ.bʊs, ˈkan.d̪ɪ.d̪ʊs
176	black	ater, niger	ater, niger	ˈaː.t̪ɛ̞r, ˈnɪ.ɡɛ̞r
177	night	nox	nox	nɔks
178	day	dies	dies	ˈd̪i.eːs
179	year	annus	annvs	ˈan.nʊs
180	warm	calidus	calidvs	ˈka.lʲɪ.dʊs
181	cold	frigidus	frigidvs	ˈfriː.ɡɪ.d̪ʊs
182	full	plenus	plenvs	ˈplʲeː.nʊs
183	new	novus	novvs	ˈnɔ.wʊs
184	old	vetus	vetvs	ˈwɛ.t̪ʊs
185	good	bonus	bonvs	ˈbɔ.nʊs
186	bad	malus	malvs	ˈma.ɫʊs
187	rotten	putridus	pvtridvs	ˈpʊ.t̪rɪ.d̪ʊs
188	dirty	sordidus, immundus	sordidvs, immvndvs	ˈsɔr.d̪ɪ.d̪ʊs, ɪm.mʊn̪.d̪ʊs
189	straight	rectus	rectvs	ˈreːk.t̪ʊs
190	round	rotundus	rotvndvs	rɔ.ˈt̪ʊn̪.d̪ʊs
191	sharp (as a knife)	acutus	acvtvs	a.ˈkuː.t̪ʊs
192	dull (as a knife)	hebes, retusus	hebes, retvsvs	ˈhɛ.bɛs, rɛ.ˈt̪uː.sʊs
193	smooth	suavis	svavis	sʊ.ˈaː.wɪs
194	wet	umidus, aqueus	vmidvs, aqvevs	ˈuː.mɪ.d̪ʊs, ˈa.kᶣe.ʊs
195	dry	siccus	siccvs	ˈsɪk.kʊs
196	correct	rectus	rectvs	ˈreːk.t̪ʊs
197	near	propinquus, proximus	propinqvvs, proximvs	prɔ.ˈpɪŋ.kʷʊs, ˈprɔk.sɪ.mʊs
198	far	longus	longvs	ˈɫɔŋ.ɡʊs
199	right	dexter	dexter	ˈd̪ɛks̪.t̪ɛ̞r
200	left	laevus, sinister	laevvs, sinister	ˈɫae̯.wʊs, sɪ.ˈnɪs̪.t̪ɛ̞r
201	at	ad, in	ad, in	ˈad, ˈɪn
202	in	in	in	ˈɪn
203	with	cum	cvm	ˈkʊ̃ˑ
204	and	et, -que	et, -qve	ɛt̪, -kᶣɛ
205	if	si	si	ˈsiː
206	because	quod	qvod	kʷɔd̪
207	name	nomen	nomen	ˈnoːmɛn

See also

• Latin