A Wikiszótárból, a nyitott szótárból
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages . To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms . Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
No.
English
Maltese Malti
1
I
jien jiena
2
you (singular)
int inti
3
he
hu huwa
4
we
aħna
5
you (plural)
intom
6
they
huma
7
this
dan
8
that
dak
9
here
hawn
10
there
hemm
11
who
min
12
what
x'inhu għal xiex x'
13
where
fejn
14
when
meta
15
how
kif
16
not
mhux
17
all
kull
18
many
ħafna
19
some
xi
20
few
ftit
21
other
ieħor
22
one
wieħed
23
two
tnejn żewġ
24
three
tlieta
25
four
erbgħa
26
five
ħamsa
27
big
kbir
28
long
twil
29
wide
wiesa'
30
thick
oħxon
31
heavy
tqil
32
small
żgħir
33
short
qasir
34
narrow
dejjaq
35
thin
irqiq
36
woman
mara
37
man (adult male)
raġel
38
man (human being)
bniedem uman
39
child
tifel
40
wife
mara
41
husband
raġel
42
mother
omm
43
father
missier
44
animal
annimal
45
fish
ħuta
46
bird
għasfur
47
dog
kelb
48
louse
qamla
49
snake
serp
50
worm
dudu
51
tree
siġra
52
forest
foresta
53
stick
bastun ħatar stikka
54
fruit
frott
55
seed
żerriegħa
56
leaf
werqa
57
root
għerq
58
bark (of a tree)
qoxra
59
flower
fjura warda
60
grass
ħaxix
61
rope
ħabel
62
skin
ġilda
63
meat
laħam
64
blood
demm
65
bone
għadma
66
fat (noun)
xaħam
67
egg
bajda
68
horn
qarn
69
tail
denb
70
feather
rixa
71
hair
xagħar
72
head
ras
73
ear
widna
74
eye
għajn
75
nose
mnieħer
76
mouth
ħalq
77
tooth
sinna
78
tongue (organ)
ilsien
79
fingernail
difer
80
foot
sieq
81
leg
riġel
82
knee
irkoppa
83
hand
id
84
wing
ġewnaħ
85
belly
żaqq
86
guts
msaren
87
neck
għonq
88
back
dahar
89
breast
sider ħodon żejża
90
heart
qalb
91
liver
fwied
92
to drink
xorob , jixrob
93
to eat
kiel , jiekol
94
to bite
gidem , jigdem
95
to suck
reda' , jerda'
96
to spit
beżaq , jobżoq
97
to vomit
irrimetta , jirremetti qala' , jaqla'
98
to blow
nefaħ , jonfoħ
99
to breathe
ħa nifs , jieħu nifs
100
to laugh
daħaq , jidħaq
101
to see
ra , jara
102
to hear
sema' , jisma'
103
to know
għaf , jaf
104
to think
ħaseb , jaħseb
105
to smell
xamm , jxomm
106
to fear
beża' , jibża'
107
to sleep
raqad , jorqod
108
to live
għex , jgħix
109
to die
miet , jmut
110
to kill
qatel , joqtol
111
to fight
iġġieled , jiġġieled
112
to hunt
ikkaċċja , jikkaċċja
113
to hit
laqat , jolqot
114
to cut
qata' , jaqta'
115
to split
qassam , jqassam
116
to stab
daqq b'sikkina , jdoqq b'sikkina
117
to scratch
giref , jigref
118
to dig
ħaffer , jħaffer
119
to swim
għam , jgħum
120
to fly
tar , jtir
121
to walk
mexa , jimxi
122
to come
ġie , jiġi
123
to lie (as in a bed)
mtedd , jimtedd
124
to sit
poġġa , jpoġġi
125
to stand
waqaf , jieqaf
126
to turn (intransitive)
dar , jdur
127
to fall
waqa' , jaqa'
128
to give
ta , jagħti
129
to hold
żamm , jżomm
130
to squeeze
għafas , jagħfas
131
to rub
ħakk , jħokk
132
to wash
ħasel , jaħsel
133
to wipe
mesaħ , jimsaħ
134
to pull
ġibed , jiġbed
135
to push
imbutta , jimbotta
136
to throw
rema , jarmi
137
to tie
rabat , jorbot
138
to sew
ħiet , jħit
139
to count
għadd , jgħodd
140
to say
qal , jgħid
141
to sing
għanna , jgħanni kanta , jkanta
142
to play
lagħab , jilgħab
143
to float
żamm fil-wiċċ , jżomm fil-wiċċ
144
to flow
ġera , jiġri
145
to freeze
iffriża , jiffriża
146
to swell
ntefaħ , jintefaħ
147
sun
xemx
148
moon
qamar
149
star
stilla niġma kewkba
150
water
ilma
151
rain
xita
152
river
xmara
153
lake
għadira
154
sea
baħar
155
salt
melħ
156
stone
ġebla ħaġra
157
sand
ramel
158
dust
trab
159
earth
ħamrija art
160
cloud
sħaba
161
fog
ċpar
162
sky
sema
163
wind
riħ
164
snow
silġ borra
165
ice
silġ
166
smoke
duħħan
167
fire
nar
168
ash
irmied
169
to burn
ħaraq , jaħraq
170
road
triq
171
mountain
muntanja għolja
172
red
aħmar
173
green
aħdar
174
yellow
isfar
175
white
abjad
176
black
iswed
177
night
lejl
178
day
jum nhar ġurnata
179
year
sena
180
warm
sħun
181
cold
kiesaħ
182
full
mimli
183
new
ġdid
184
old
qadim antik xiħ
185
good
tajjeb
186
bad
ħażin
187
rotten
mermer
188
dirty
maħmuġ
189
straight
dritt
190
round
tond
191
sharp (as a knife)
taqta'
192
dull (as a knife)
ma taqtax
193
smooth
lixx
194
wet
mxarrab
195
dry
xott
196
correct
tajjeb sewwa sura
197
near
ħdejn
198
far
bogħod
199
right
lemin
200
left
xellug
201
at
sa/sal-
202
in
ġo/ġol-
203
with
ma'/mal-
204
and
u
205
if
jekk
206
because
għax
207
name
isem