Függelék:Máltai Swadesh lista

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Presentation[szerkesztés]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List[szerkesztés]

No. English Maltese
Malti
1 I jien
jiena
2 you (singular) int
inti
3 he hu
huwa
4 we aħna
5 you (plural) intom
6 they huma
7 this dan
8 that dak
9 here hawn
10 there hemm
11 who min
12 what x'inhu
għal xiex
x'
13 where fejn
14 when meta
15 how kif
16 not mhux
17 all kull
18 many ħafna
19 some xi
20 few ftit
21 other ieħor
22 one wieħed
23 two tnejn
żewġ
24 three tlieta
25 four erbgħa
26 five ħamsa
27 big kbir
28 long twil
29 wide wiesa'
30 thick oħxon
31 heavy tqil
32 small żgħir
33 short qasir
34 narrow dejjaq
35 thin irqiq
36 woman mara
37 man (adult male) raġel
38 man (human being) bniedem
uman
39 child tifel
40 wife mara
41 husband raġel
42 mother omm
43 father missier
44 animal annimal
45 fish ħuta
46 bird għasfur
47 dog kelb
48 louse qamla
49 snake serp
50 worm dudu
51 tree siġra
52 forest foresta
53 stick bastun
ħatar
stikka
54 fruit frott
55 seed żerriegħa
56 leaf werqa
57 root għerq
58 bark (of a tree) qoxra
59 flower fjura
warda
60 grass ħaxix
61 rope ħabel
62 skin ġilda
63 meat laħam
64 blood demm
65 bone għadma
66 fat (noun) xaħam
67 egg bajda
68 horn qarn
69 tail denb
70 feather rixa
71 hair xagħar
72 head ras
73 ear widna
74 eye għajn
75 nose mnieħer
76 mouth ħalq
77 tooth sinna
78 tongue (organ) ilsien
79 fingernail difer
80 foot sieq
81 leg riġel
82 knee irkoppa
83 hand id
84 wing ġewnaħ
85 belly żaqq
86 guts msaren
87 neck għonq
88 back dahar
89 breast sider
ħodon
żejża
90 heart qalb
91 liver fwied
92 to drink xorob, jixrob
93 to eat kiel, jiekol
94 to bite gidem, jigdem
95 to suck reda', jerda'
96 to spit beżaq, jobżoq
97 to vomit irrimetta, jirremetti
qala', jaqla'
98 to blow nefaħ, jonfoħ
99 to breathe ħa nifs, jieħu nifs
100 to laugh daħaq, jidħaq
101 to see ra, jara
102 to hear sema', jisma'
103 to know għaf, jaf
104 to think ħaseb, jaħseb
105 to smell xamm, jxomm
106 to fear beża', jibża'
107 to sleep raqad, jorqod
108 to live għex, jgħix
109 to die miet, jmut
110 to kill qatel, joqtol
111 to fight iġġieled, jiġġieled
112 to hunt ikkaċċja, jikkaċċja
113 to hit laqat, jolqot
114 to cut qata', jaqta'
115 to split qassam, jqassam
116 to stab daqq b'sikkina, jdoqq b'sikkina
117 to scratch giref, jigref
118 to dig ħaffer, jħaffer
119 to swim għam, jgħum
120 to fly tar, jtir
121 to walk mexa, jimxi
122 to come ġie, jiġi
123 to lie (as in a bed) mtedd, jimtedd
124 to sit poġġa, jpoġġi
125 to stand waqaf, jieqaf
126 to turn (intransitive) dar, jdur
127 to fall waqa', jaqa'
128 to give ta, jagħti
129 to hold żamm, jżomm
130 to squeeze għafas, jagħfas
131 to rub ħakk, jħokk
132 to wash ħasel, jaħsel
133 to wipe mesaħ, jimsaħ
134 to pull ġibed, jiġbed
135 to push imbutta, jimbotta
136 to throw rema, jarmi
137 to tie rabat, jorbot
138 to sew ħiet, jħit
139 to count għadd, jgħodd
140 to say qal, jgħid
141 to sing għanna, jgħanni
kanta, jkanta
142 to play lagħab, jilgħab
143 to float żamm fil-wiċċ, jżomm fil-wiċċ
144 to flow ġera, jiġri
145 to freeze iffriża, jiffriża
146 to swell ntefaħ, jintefaħ
147 sun xemx
148 moon qamar
149 star stilla
niġma
kewkba
150 water ilma
151 rain xita
152 river xmara
153 lake għadira
154 sea baħar
155 salt melħ
156 stone ġebla
ħaġra
157 sand ramel
158 dust trab
159 earth ħamrija
art
160 cloud sħaba
161 fog ċpar
162 sky sema
163 wind riħ
164 snow silġ
borra
165 ice silġ
166 smoke duħħan
167 fire nar
168 ash irmied
169 to burn ħaraq, jaħraq
170 road triq
171 mountain muntanja
għolja
172 red aħmar
173 green aħdar
174 yellow isfar
175 white abjad
176 black iswed
177 night lejl
178 day jum
nhar
ġurnata
179 year sena
180 warm sħun
181 cold kiesaħ
182 full mimli
183 new ġdid
184 old qadim
antik
xiħ
185 good tajjeb
186 bad ħażin
187 rotten mermer
188 dirty maħmuġ
189 straight dritt
190 round tond
191 sharp (as a knife) taqta'
192 dull (as a knife) ma taqtax
193 smooth lixx
194 wet mxarrab
195 dry xott
196 correct tajjeb
sewwa
sura
197 near ħdejn
198 far bogħod
199 right lemin
200 left xellug
201 at sa/sal-
202 in ġo/ġol-
203 with ma'/mal-
204 and u
205 if jekk
206 because għax
207 name isem

See also[szerkesztés]