Szerkesztő:LinguisticMystic/nobl

Chemistry

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1905		Adolf von Baeyer	Germany	"“in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds”"
1906		Henri Moissan	France	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"
1910		Otto Wallach	Germany	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
1915		Richard Willstätter	Germany	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
1918		Fritz Haber	Germany	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
1943		George de Hevesy	Hungary	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
1961		Melvin Calvin	United States	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1962		Max Perutz	United Kingdom / Austria	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
1972		Christian B. Anfinsen	United States	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
		William Howard Stein		"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
1977		Ilya Prigogine Radu Balescu. "Ilya Prigogine: His Life, His Work", in Stuart Alan Rice (2007). Special volume in memory of Ilya Prigogine, John Wiley and Sons. p. 2. "In the history of science, there are few examples of such a flashing and immense ascent as that of Ilya Prigogine (Fig. 1). The little Russian Jewish immigrant arrived in Brussels at the age of 12..." Magnus Ramage, Karen Shipp (2009). Systems Thinkers. Springer. p. 277. "Prigogine was born in January 1917 in Moscow... His family 'had a difficult relationship with the new regime' (Prigogine 1977), being both Jewish and merchants... Jean Maruani, Roland Lefebvre, Erkki Brändas (eds.) (2003). Advanced Topics in Theoretical Chemical Physics, Springer, p. xv. "Ilya Prigogine was born on January 25, 1917, in Moscow, Russia, the second boy in a middle-class, Jewish family."</ref>	Russia / Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
1979		Herbert C. Brown	United States / United Kingdom	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1980		Paul Berg	United States	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
		Walter Gilbert		"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
1981		Roald Hoffmann	United States / Poland / Ukraine	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
1982		Aaron Klug	United Kingdom / South Africa / Lithuania	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
1985		Jerome Karle	United States	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
		Herbert A. Hauptman
1986		John Polanyi	Hungary / Canada / Germany	"for his work in chemical kinetics.
1989		Sidney Altman	Canada / United States	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1992		Rudolph A. Marcus	United States / Canada	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1994		George Andrew Olah	United States / Hungary	"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1996		Harry Kroto	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of fullerenes" The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1998		Walter Kohn	United States / Austria	"for his development of the density-functional theory"
2000		Alan J. Heeger	United States	"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
2004		Aaron Ciechanover	Israel	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
		Avram Hershko	Hungary / Israel
		Irwin Rose	United States
2006		Roger D. Kornberg	United States	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
2008		Martin Chalfie	United States	"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
2009		Ada Yonath	Israel	"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
2011		Dan Shechtman Janice Arnold (2011-10-12). "Nobel laureate is pride of Sherbrooke Jews". Canadian Jewish News. "Shechtman was one of five Jews, including a former Montrealer, the late Ralph Steinman, to receive the prestigious prize for their scientific endeavours... Steinman and Bruce Beutler... won for their groundbreaking work in discoveries on the immune system. Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess, both American Jews... won the prize in physics." Looks, Elka (2011-10-05). "Jews make strong showing among 2011 Nobel Prize winners". Haaretz. "Israeli scientist Daniel Shechtman has made headlines at home for winning the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry, but he is not the only Jewish recipient... Ralph Steinman and Bruce Beutler were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for their discoveries on the immune system... Saul Perlmutter and Adam G. Riess, both American Jews, are two of the three Nobel Prize in physics winners... So far, five of the seven Nobel Prize winners this year are Jewish..."</ref>	Israel	"for the discovery of quasicrystals"
2012		Robert Lefkowitz	United States	"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
2013		Arieh Warshel	Israel	"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
		Michael Levitt	United States / United Kingdom / Israel / South Africa
		Martin Karplus	United States / Austria
2024		David Baker	United States	"for computational protein design"

Physiology or Medicine

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1908		Élie Metchnikoff	Russia / Ukraine	"in recognition of their work on immunity" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		Paul Ehrlich	Germany
1914		Robert Bárány	Austria-Hungary	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1922		Otto Fritz Meyerhof	Germany	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1930		Karl Landsteiner	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1931		Otto Heinrich Warburg	Germany	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1936		Otto Loewi	Austria / Germany	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1944		Joseph Erlanger	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1945		Ernst Boris Chain	United Kingdom / Germany	"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1946		Hermann Joseph Muller	United States	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1947		Gerty Cori	United States / Austria-Hungary / Czechia	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1950		Tadeusz Reichstein	Switzerland / Poland	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1952		Selman Waksman	United States / Russia / Ukraine	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1953		Hans Adolf Krebs	United Kingdom / Germany	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"
		Fritz Albert Lipmann	United States / Germany	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1958		Joshua Lederberg	United States	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1959		Arthur Kornberg	United States	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1964		Konrad Emil Bloch	United States / Germany	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1965		François Jacob	France	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		André Michel Lwoff
1967		George Wald	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1968		Marshall Warren Nirenberg	United States	"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1969		Salvador Luria	United States / Italy	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1970		Julius Axelrod	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		Bernard Katz	United Kingdom / Germany
1972		Gerald Edelman	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1975		David Baltimore	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		Howard Martin Temin
1976		Baruch Samuel Blumberg	United States	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1977		Rosalyn Sussman Yalow	United States	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1978		Daniel Nathans	United States	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1980		Baruj Benacerraf	United States / Venezuela	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1982		John Vane	United Kingdom	along with Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson for "their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances".
1984		César Milstein	Argentina / United Kingdom	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1985		Michael Stuart Brown	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		Joseph L. Goldstein
1986		Stanley Cohen	United States	"for their discoveries of growth factors" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		Rita Levi-Montalcini	Italy / United States
1988		Gertrude B. Elion	United States	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1989		Harold E. Varmus	United States	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1992		Edmond H. Fischer	United States / Switzerland	"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
1994		Alfred G. Gilman	United States	"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		Martin Rodbell
1997		Stanley B. Prusiner	United States	"for his discovery of prions – a new biological principle of infection" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997. Nobel Foundation</ref>
1998		Robert F. Furchgott	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998. Nobel Foundation</ref>
2000		Paul Greengard	United States	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		Eric Kandel	United States / Austria
2002		Sydney Brenner	United Kingdom / South Africa	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		H. Robert Horvitz	United States
2004		Richard Axel	United States	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004. Nobel Foundation</ref>
2006		Andrew Fire	United States	"for his discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006. Nobel Foundation</ref>
2011		Ralph M. Steinman	Canada / United States	for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		Bruce Beutler	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
2013		James E. Rothman	United States	"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011. Nobel Foundation</ref>
		Randy Schekman
2017		Michael Rosbash	United States	"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".
2020		Harvey J. Alter	United States	"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus".
2021		David Julius	United States	"for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch".
2023		Drew Weissman	United States	"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19".
2024		Gary Ruvkun	United States	“for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation”.

Physics

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1907		Albert A. Michelson	United States / Germany / Poland	"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
1908		Gabriel Lippmann	France / Luxemburg	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
1921		Albert Einstein	Germany / Switzerland	"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
1922		Niels Bohr	Denmark	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
1925		James Franck	Germany	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
		Gustav Hertz
1943		Otto Stern	United States / Germany	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1944		Isidor Isaac Rabi	United States / Austria-Hungary / Poland	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1945		Wolfgang Pauli	Austria / United States	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"
1952		Felix Bloch	United States / Switzerland	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1954		Max Born	United Kingdom / Germany	"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
1958		Ilya Frank	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
		Igor Tamm
1959		Emilio Gino Segrè	Italy / United States	"for their discovery of the antiproton"
1960		Donald A. Glaser	United States	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1961		Robert Hofstadter	United States	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
1962		Lev Landau	Soviet Union	"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
1963		Eugene Wigner	United States / Hungary	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
1965	Fájl:Richard Feynman Nobel.jpg	Richard Feynman	United States	"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
		Julian Schwinger
1967		Hans Bethe	United States / Germany	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1969		Murray Gell-Mann	United States	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1971		Dennis Gabor	United Kingdom / Hungary	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1972		Leon Cooper	United States	"for his jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
1973		Brian David Josephson	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1975		Aage Niels Bohr	Denmark	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
		Ben Roy Mottelson	Denmark / United States
1976		Burton Richter	United States	"for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
1978		Arno Allan Penzias	United States	"for his discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
1979		Sheldon Glashow	United States	"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
		Steven Weinberg
1981		Arthur Leonard Schawlow	United States	"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
1987		Karl Alexander Müller	Switzerland	"for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
1988		Leon M. Lederman	United States	"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
		Melvin Schwartz
		Jack Steinberger	United States / Germany
1990		Jerome Isaac Friedman	United States	"for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
1992		Georges Charpak	France / Poland / Ukraine	"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
1995		Martin Lewis Perl	United States	"'for the discovery of the tau lepton' and 'for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics'"
		Frederick Reines		"'for the detection of the neutrino' and 'for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics'"
1996		David Lee	United States	"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
		Douglas D. Osheroff
1997		Claude Cohen-Tannoudji	France / Algeria	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
2000		Zhores Alferov	Russia / Belarus	"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"
2003		Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov	Russia / United States	"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
		Vitaly Ginzburg	Russia
2004		David Gross	United States	"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
		H. David Politzer
2005		Roy J. Glauber	United States	"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
2011		Adam Riess	United States	"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
		Saul Perlmutter
2012		Serge Haroche	France / Morocco	"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"
2013		François Englert	Belgium	"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"
2016		J. Michael Kosterlitz	United Kingdom	"for discoveries in condensed-matter physics that have transformed the understanding of matter that assumes strange shapes"
2017		Rainer Weiss	United States / Germany	"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
		Barry Barish	United States
2018		Arthur Ashkin	United States	"'for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics', in particular 'for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems'"
2020		Roger Penrose	United Kingdom	"for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity"
		Andrea Ghez	United States	"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"

Literature

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1910		Paul Heyse	Germany	"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"
1927		Henri Bergson	France	"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"
1958		Boris Pasternak	Soviet Union	"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"
1966		Shmuel Yosef Agnon	Israel / Austria-Hungary / Ukraine	"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"
		Nelly Sachs	Sweden / Germany	"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"
1976		Saul Bellow	United States / Canada	"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
1978		Isaac Bashevis Singer	United States / Poland	"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
1981		Elias Canetti	United Kingdom / Bulgaria	"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"
1987		Joseph Brodsky	United States / Soviet Union	"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
1991		Nadine Gordimer	South Africa	"who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"
2002		Imre Kertész	Hungary	"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
2004		Elfriede Jelinek	Austria	"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"
2005		Harold Pinter	United Kingdom	"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"
2014		Patrick Modiano	France	"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"
2016		Bob Dylan	United States	"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"
2020		Louise Glück	United States	"for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal."

Economics

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1970		Paul Samuelson	United States	"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"
1971		Simon Kuznets	United States / Russia	"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
1972		Kenneth Arrow	United States	"for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
1973		Wassily Leontief	Russia / Germany / United States	"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
1975		Leonid Kantorovich	Soviet Union	"for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
1976		Milton Friedman	United States	"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"
1978		Herbert A. Simon	United States	"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"
1980		Lawrence Klein	United States	"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
1985		Franco Modigliani	Italy / United States	"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
1987		Robert Solow	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""
1990		Harry Markowitz	United States	"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""
		Merton Miller
1992		Gary Becker	United States	"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""
1993		Robert Fogel	United States	"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
1994		John Harsanyi	Hungary / United States	"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
		Reinhard Selten	Germany
1997		Myron Scholes	Canada / United States	"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
		Robert C. Merton	United States
2001		Joseph Stiglitz	United States	"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
		George Akerlof
2002		Daniel Kahneman	Israel / United States	"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
2005		Robert Aumann	Israel / United States / Germany	"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
2007		Leonid Hurwicz	United States / Poland / Russia	"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
		Eric Maskin	United States
		Roger Myerson
2008		Paul Krugman	United States	"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"
2009		Elinor Ostrom	United States	"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"
2010		Peter Diamond	United States	"for his analysis of markets with search frictions"
2012		Alvin E. Roth	United States	"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"
2016		Oliver Hart	United States / United Kingdom	"contributions to contract theory"
2017		Richard Thaler	United States	"contributions have built a bridge between the economic and psychological analyses of individual decision-making"
2018		William Nordhaus	United States	"for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"
2019		Michael Kremer	United States	"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2020		Paul Milgrom	United States	"for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"
2021		Joshua Angrist	United States / Israel	"for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"
2022		Ben Bernanke	United States	"for research on banks and financial crises"
2022		Douglas Diamond
2023		Claudia Goldin	United States	"for having advanced our understanding of women's labour market outcomes".

Peace

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1911		Tobias Michael Carel Asser	Netherlands	"Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"
		Alfred Hermann Fried	Austria	"Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"
1968		René Cassin	France	"President of the European Court for Human Rights"
1973		Henry A. Kissinger	United States / Germany	"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces"
1978		Menachem Begin	Israel / Russia / Poland	"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"
1986		Elie Wiesel	United States / Romania	"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""
1994		Yitzhak Rabin	Israel	"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."
		Shimon Peres	Israel / Poland
1995		Joseph Rotblat	Poland / United Kingdom	"for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"

Forced to decline prize

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1958		Boris Pasternak	USSR	Literature: "for his notable achievement in both contemporary poetry and the field of the great Russian narrative tradition".   (Via Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 – Announcement. Nobel Foundation)</ref>