पुरुष

See also: परुष

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पुरुष (puruṣa).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /pʊ.ɾʊʂ/, [pʊ.ɾʊʃ]

Noun

पुरुष • (puruṣ) m (Urdu spelling پرش)

1. man, male

   Synonyms: मर्द (mard), आदमी (ādmī)

   Antonym: स्त्री (strī)

   यह स्नानघर केवल पुरुषों के लिए है।

   yah snānghar keval puruṣõ ke lie hai.

   This bathroom is for men only.

   पुरुष की तरह लड़ो! ― puruṣ kī tarah laṛo! ― Fight like a man!

2. person

   Synonyms: मर्द (mard), आदमी (ādmī); see also Thesaurus:मनुष्य

   अनेक पुरुष भवन के बाहर हैं।

   anek puruṣ bhavan ke bāhar ha͠i.

   Many people are outside the building.

Declension

Declension of पुरुष (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	पुरुष puruṣ	पुरुष puruṣ
oblique	पुरुष puruṣ	पुरुषों puruṣõ
vocative	पुरुष puruṣ	पुरुषो puruṣo

Related terms

• तत्पुरुष (tatpuruṣ)

Further reading

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “पुरुष”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पुरुष (púruṣa). Compare Old Marathi 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘏 (purukha), 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (puruṣa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pu.ɾuʂ/, [pu.ɾuːʂ]

Noun

पुरुष • (puruṣ) m

1. man, male
2. person

Further reading

• Berntsen, Maxine, “पुरुष”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.
• Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “पुरुष”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
• दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950) “पुरुष”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ).

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• पूरुष (pū́ruṣa)

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• পুৰুষ (Assamese script)
• ᬧᬸᬭᬸᬱ (Balinese script)
• পুরুষ (Bengali script)
• 𑰢𑰲𑰨𑰲𑰬 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀼𑀱 (Brahmi script)
• ပုရုၑ (Burmese script)
• પુરુષ (Gujarati script)
• ਪੁਰੁਸ਼ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌪𑍁𑌰𑍁𑌷 (Grantha script)
• ꦥꦸꦫꦸꦰ (Javanese script)
• 𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂳𑂭 (Kaithi script)
• ಪುರುಷ (Kannada script)
• បុរុឞ (Khmer script)
• ປຸຣຸຩ (Lao script)
• പുരുഷ (Malayalam script)
• ᢒᡠᡵᡠᢢᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (Modi script)
• ᢒᠤᠷᠤᢔᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧂𑧔𑧈𑧔𑧌 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐥𑐸𑐬𑐸𑐲 (Newa script)
• ପୁରୁଷ (Odia script)
• ꢦꢸꢬꢸꢰ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆥𑆶𑆫𑆶𑆰 (Sharada script)
• 𑖢𑖲𑖨𑗜𑖬 (Siddham script)
• පුරුෂ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩰𑩒𑩼𑩒𑪀 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚞𑚰𑚤𑚰 (Takri script)
• புருஷ (Tamil script)
• పురుష (Telugu script)
• ปุรุษ (Thai script)
• པུ་རུ་ཥ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒣𑒳𑒩𑒳𑒭 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨞𑨃𑨫𑨃𑨯 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Probably an alteration of *pū́rṣa by analogy with mánuṣa, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (“to produce, beget”). Cognate with Pali purisa, Ashokan Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀲 (pulisa, “man”), Magadhi Prakrit 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀰 (puliśa). Further related to Latin pariō (“to spawn, to beget”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /pú.ɾu.ʂɐ/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈpu.ɾu.ʂɐ/

Noun

पुरुष • (púruṣa) stem, m

1. man, male, human being
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.165.3:

     हेतिः पक्षिणी न दभात्यस्मानाष्ट्र्यां पदं कृणुते अग्निधाने ।
     शं नो गोभ्यश्च पुरुषेभ्यश्चास्तु मा नो हिंसीदिह देवाः कपोतः ॥

     hetiḥ pakṣiṇī na dabhātyasmānāṣṭryāṃ padaṃ kṛṇute agnidhāne .
     śaṃ no gobhyaśca puruṣebhyaścāstu mā no hiṃsīdiha devāḥ kapotaḥ .

     Let not the winged Arrow distract us: beside the fire-place, on the hearth it settles.
     May, it bring welfare to our men and cattle: here let the Dove, ye Gods, forbear to harm us.

2. person, officer, functionary, attendant, servant
3. a member or representative of a race or generation
4. the height or measure of a man
5. the pupil of the eye
6. the primaeval man as the soul and original source of the universe
7. the personal and animating principle in men and other beings, the soul or spirit
8. the Supreme Being or Soul of the universe
9. the Spirit as passive and a spectator of the creative force (prakṛti)
10. the "spirit" or fragrant exhalation of plants
11. name of the divine or active principles from the minute portions of which the universe was formed
12. name of a metrical foot in the mahanamni verses
13. name of the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th signs of the zodiac
14. name of the Brahmans of the Krauncha or "mountain" dvipa

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of पुरुष (púruṣa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	पुरुषः púruṣaḥ	पुरुषौ / पुरुषा¹ púruṣau / púruṣā¹	पुरुषाः / पुरुषासः¹ púruṣāḥ / púruṣāsaḥ¹
Vocative	पुरुष púruṣa	पुरुषौ / पुरुषा¹ púruṣau / púruṣā¹	पुरुषाः / पुरुषासः¹ púruṣāḥ / púruṣāsaḥ¹
Accusative	पुरुषम् púruṣam	पुरुषौ / पुरुषा¹ púruṣau / púruṣā¹	पुरुषान् púruṣān
Instrumental	पुरुषेण púruṣeṇa	पुरुषाभ्याम् púruṣābhyām	पुरुषैः / पुरुषेभिः¹ púruṣaiḥ / púruṣebhiḥ¹
Dative	पुरुषाय púruṣāya	पुरुषाभ्याम् púruṣābhyām	पुरुषेभ्यः púruṣebhyaḥ
Ablative	पुरुषात् púruṣāt	पुरुषाभ्याम् púruṣābhyām	पुरुषेभ्यः púruṣebhyaḥ
Genitive	पुरुषस्य púruṣasya	पुरुषयोः púruṣayoḥ	पुरुषाणाम् púruṣāṇām
Locative	पुरुषे púruṣe	पुरुषयोः púruṣayoḥ	पुरुषेषु púruṣeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Kalasha:
    • Arabic script: پوُروُشؕ
    • Latin script: púruṣ
• Prakrits:
  • Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀲 (pulisa)
    • Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀺𑀲 (purisa)
    • Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀰 (puliśa)
    • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀺𑀲 (purisa)
    • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀧𑀼𑀭𑀺𑀲 (purisa)
  • Paisaci Prakrit:
    • Punjabi:
      • Gurmukhi script: ਪੁਰਖ (purakh), ਪੁਰਸ਼ (puraś)
      • Shahmukhi script: پُرَکھ (purakh), پُرَش (puraś)
• Hindustani:
  • Hindi: पुरुख (purukh)
  • Urdu: پُرُکھ (purukh)
• → Assamese: পুৰুষ (purux)
• → Bengali: পুরুষ (puruś)
• → Gujarati: પુરુષ (puruṣ)
• → Hindi: पुरुष (puruṣ)
• → Urdu: پرش (puruś)
• → Kannada: ಪುರುಷ (puruṣa)
• → Khmer: ប្រុស (proh)
• → Lao: ບຸຣຸດ (bu rut)
• → Old Marathi:

  Devanagari script: पुरुख (purukha), पुरुष (puruṣa)

  Modi script: 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘏 (purukha), 𑘢𑘳𑘨𑘳𑘬 (puruṣa)

  • → Marathi: पुरुष (puruṣ)
• → Tamil: புருஷன் (puruṣaṉ, “husband, man, manhood, life, people”)
• → Telugu: పురుషుడు (puruṣuḍu)
• → Thai: บุรุษ (bù-rùt)
• → Sinhalese: පුරුෂ (puruṣa)

Further reading

• “पु॑रुष” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 321, column 1.