姓

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姓 U+59D3, 姓
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-59D3
← 姒
[U+59D2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 委 →
[U+59D4]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

姓 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 女竹手一 (VHQM), four-corner 45410, composition ⿰女生)

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 259, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6178
  • Dae Jaweon: page 524, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1037, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+59D3

Chinese[edit]

trad. 姓
simp. # 姓
alternative forms 𤯕
𤯣
𤯧
𤯬

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (生) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
猜 *sʰlɯː
輤 *sʰleːns
綪 *sʰleːns, *ʔsreːŋ
倩 *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs
棈 *sʰleːns
蒨 *sʰeːns
篟 *sʰeːns
生 *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs
牲 *sreŋ
笙 *sreŋ
甥 *sreŋ
鉎 *sreŋ, *sleːŋ
珄 *sreŋ
鼪 *sreŋ, *sreŋs
猩 *sreŋ, *seːŋ
狌 *sreŋ
眚 *sreŋʔ
貹 *sreŋs
崝 *zreːŋ
精 *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs
菁 *ʔsleŋ
鶄 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ
蜻 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ
鼱 *ʔsleŋ
婧 *ʔsleŋ, *zleŋs, *zleŋʔ
睛 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ
箐 *ʔsleŋ
聙 *ʔsleŋ
旌 *ʔsleŋ
清 *sʰleŋ
圊 *sʰleŋ
請 *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ
凊 *sʰleŋs
䝼 *zleŋs, *zleŋ
靚 *zleŋs
情 *zleŋ
晴 *zleŋ
夝 *zleŋ
靜 *zleŋʔ
靖 *zleŋʔ
睲 *seŋʔ, *seːŋs
惺 *seŋʔ, *seːŋ
性 *sleŋs
姓 *sleŋs
靗 *l̥ʰeŋs
鯖 *ʔljeŋ, *sʰleːŋ
青 *sʰleːŋ
靘 *sʰleːŋ, *sʰleːŋs
掅 *sʰleːŋs
胜 *sleːŋ
曐 *sleːŋ
星 *sleːŋ
鮏 *sleːŋ
腥 *seːŋ, *seːŋs
鯹 *seːŋ
醒 *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs
篂 *seːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sleŋs) : semantic 女 (“woman; female”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs).

Etymology[edit]

Specialised form of 性 (xìng): “human nature; what is inborn” > “surname; clan name”.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: síng - literary.
Note:
  • sèng - literary;
  • sèⁿ, sìⁿ - vernacular.
Rime
Character 姓
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 清 (121)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 息正切
Baxter sjengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/siᴇŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/siɛŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/siæŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/siajŋH/
Li
Rong 		/siɛŋH/
Wang
Li 		/sĭɛŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/si̯ɛŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xìng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sing3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 姓
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xìng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sjengH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*seŋ-s/
English surname

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 姓
Reading # 1/1
No. 11359
Phonetic
component 		生
Rime
group 		耕
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		性
Old
Chinese 		/*sleŋs/

Definitions[edit]

姓

  1. surname; family name; clan name
    你的姓怎麼拼寫？ [MSC, trad.]
    你的姓怎么拼写？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ de xìng zěnme pīnxiě? [Pinyin]
    How do you spell your last name?
    您貴姓？／您贵姓？  ―  Nín guìxìng?  ―  What is your surname? [honorific]
    Coordinate term: 名 (míng)
  2. to have the surname of
    我姓陳。／我姓陈。  ―  Wǒ xìng Chén.  ―  My surname is Chen.
  3. (figurative, often officialese) to belong to; to be classified as
    黨媒姓黨／党媒姓党  ―  dǎngméi xìng Dǎng  ―  the Party's media must follow the Party's will
    姓資姓社 [MSC, trad.]
    姓资姓社 [MSC, simp.]
    xìng zī xìng shè [Pinyin]
    follow the capitalist way or follow the socialist way
  4. a surname

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (姓):
  • → Japanese: 姓(せい) (sei)
  • → Korean: 성(姓) (seong)
  • → Vietnamese: tính (姓)

Others:

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

姓

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. clan
  2. surname

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
姓
かばね
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.[1][2]

Ultimate derivation unclear. Some theories derive this as a Japanese compound of 株 (kabu, “stock, root”) + 根 (ne, “root, origin”) or 名 (na, “name”). However, the required /u/ → /a/ sound shift would be unusual.

Another thought is that this might be a borrowing from, or somehow otherwise related to, Korean 골품 (golpum), a Sino-Korean term also spelled 骨品 (literally “bones + goods”), the name for a kind of kinship hierarchy that was prevalent in the Silla kingdom. This latter theory and its related “bone” sense might also account for the homophony with 屍 (kabane, “corpse, dead body”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

姓(かばね) • (kabane) 

  1. a clan
    Synonym: 氏 (uji)
  2. (historical) a kind of hereditary title bestowed to clans in ancient Japan
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
姓
せい
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 姓 (MC sjengH). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Min Nan reading sèⁿ.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

姓(せい) • (sei) 

  1. surname, family name
  2. clan
Derived terms[edit]
Idioms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
姓
しょう
Grade: S
on’yomi

/siau/ → /ɕjɔː/ → /ɕoː/

From Middle Chinese 姓 (MC sjengH). The goon, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern Hakka reading siang.

This reading is less common than sei above.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

姓(しょう) • (shō) ←しやう (syau)?

  1. (uncommon) surname, family name
  2. (uncommon) clan
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
姓
しょう > そう
Grade: S
irregular

A shift from shō above to use the 直音 (chokuon, “"straight" pronunciation”, dropping out any /j/ or /w/ glides).[1]

This reading is not used in modern Japanese, and is only found in historical texts, such as the Utsubo Monogatari from the late 900s.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

姓(そう) • (sō) 

  1. (historical, obsolete) surname, family name
  2. (historical, obsolete) clan

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Further reading[edit]

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 姓 (MC sjengH). Recorded as Middle Korean 셔ᇰ (syeng) (Yale: syeng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰɘ(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [성(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

姓 (eumhun 성씨 성 (seongssi seong))

  1. Hanja form? of 성 (“clan; family name”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

姓: Hán Nôm readings: tính

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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