Függelék:Latin Swadesh lista
Presentation[szerkesztés]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[szerkesztés]
No. | English | Latin latina |
Classical script |
IPA pronunciation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I | ego | ego | ˈɛ.ɡoː |
2 | you (singular) | tu | tv | ˈt̪uː |
3 | he | is (m.), ea (f.), id (n.) | is, ea, id | ˈɪs, ˈe.a, ˈɪd̪ |
4 | we | nos | nos | ˈnoːs |
5 | you (plural) | vos | vos | ˈwoːs |
6 | they | ei, ii (m.), eae (f.), ea (n.) | ei, ii, eae, ea | ˈe.iː/ˈi.iː, ˈe.ae̯, ˈe.a |
7 | this | hic (m.), haec (f.), hoc (n.) | hic, haec, hoc | ˈhɪk, ˈhae̯k, ˈhɔk |
8 | that | ille (m.), illa (f.), illud (n.) | ille, illa, illvd | ˈɪl.lʲɛ, ˈɪl.lʲa, ˈɪl.lʲʊd |
9 | here | hic | hic | ˈhɪk |
10 | there | illic, ibi | illic, ibi | ˈɪl.lʲɪk, ˈɪ.bɪ |
11 | who | quis (m.), quae (f.) | qvis, qvae | ˈkᶣɪs, ˈkʷae̯ |
12 | what | quid | qvid | ˈkᶣɪd̪ |
13 | where | ubi | vbi | ˈʊ.bɪ |
14 | when | cum, quando | cvm, qvando | ˈkʊ̃ˑ, ˈkʷan̪.d̪oː |
15 | how | quomodo | qvomodo | ˈkʷoː.mɔ.d̪ɔ |
16 | not | non, ne | non, ne | ˈnoːn, ˈneː |
17 | all | omnes (mf.), omnia (n.) | omnes, omnia | ˈɔm.neːs, ˈɔm.ni.a |
18 | many | multi (m.), multae (f.), multa (n.) | mvlti, mvltae, mvlta | ˈmʊɫ.t̪iː, ˈmʊɫ.t̪ae̯, ˈmʊɫ.t̪a |
19 | some | aliqui (m.), aliqua (f.), aliquod (n.) | aliqvi, aliqva, aliqvod | ˈa.lʲɪ.kᶣiː, ˈa.lʲɪ.kʷa, ˈa.lʲɪ.kʷɔd̪ |
20 | few | pauci (m.), paucae (f.), pauca (n.) | pavci, pavcae, pavca | ˈpaʊ̯.kiː, ˈpaʊ̯.kae̯, ˈpaʊ̯.ka |
21 | other | alter, alius | alter, alivs | ˈaɫ̪.t̪ɛ̞r, ˈa.lʲi.ʊs |
22 | one | unus | vnvs | ˈuː.nʊs |
23 | two | duo | dvo | ˈd̪ʊ.ɔ |
24 | three | tres | tres | t̪reːs |
25 | four | quattuor | qvattvor | ˈkʷat̪.t̪ʊ.ɔr |
26 | five | quinque | qvinqve | ˈkᶣiːŋ.kᶣɛ |
27 | big | magnus | magnvs | ˈmaŋ.nʊs |
28 | long | longus | longvs | ˈɫɔŋ.ɡʊs |
29 | wide | latus | latvs | ˈɫaː.t̪ʊs |
30 | thick | crassus | crassvs | ˈkras.sʊs |
31 | heavy | gravis | gravis | ˈɡra.wɪs |
32 | small | parvus | parvvs | ˈpar.wʊs |
33 | short | brevis | brevis | ˈbrɛ.wɪs |
34 | narrow | angustus | angvstvs | aŋ.ˈɡʊs̪.t̪ʊs |
35 | thin | gracilis, tenuis | gracilis, tenvis | ˈɡra.kɪ.lʲɪs, ˈt̪ɛ.nʊ.ɪs |
36 | woman | femina, mulier | femina, mvlier | ˈfeː.mɪ.na, ˈmʊ.lʲɪ.ɛ̞r |
37 | man (adult male) | vir | vir | ˈwɪr |
38 | man (human being) | homo | homo | ˈhɔ.moː |
39 | child | puer | pver | ˈpʊ.ɛ̞r |
40 | wife | uxor, mulier | vxor, mvlier | ˈʊk.sɔr, ˈmʊ.lʲɪ.ɛ̞r |
41 | husband | maritus | maritvs | ma.ˈriː.t̪ʊs |
42 | mother | mater | mater | ˈmaː.t̪ɛ̞r |
43 | father | pater | pater | ˈpa.t̪ɛ̞r |
44 | animal | animal | animal | ˈa.nɪ.maɫ |
45 | fish | piscis | piscis | ˈpɪs.kɪs |
46 | bird | avis | avis | ˈa.wɪs |
47 | dog | canis | canis | ˈka.nɪs |
48 | louse | pedis (pediculus) | pedis (pedicvlvs) | ˈpeː.d̪ɪs (peː.ˈd̪iː.kʊ.ɫʊs) |
49 | snake | serpens, anguis | serpens, angvis | ˈsɛ̞r.pẽːs, ˈaŋ.ɡᶣɪs |
50 | worm | vermis | vermis | ˈwɛ̞r.mɪs |
51 | tree | arbor | arbor | ˈar.bɔr |
52 | forest | silva | silva | ˈsɪɫ.wa |
53 | stick | baculum, palus | bacvlvm, palvs | ˈba.kʊ.ɫʊ̃ˑ, ˈpaː.ɫʊs |
54 | fruit | fructus | frvctvs | ˈfruːk.t̪ʊs |
55 | seed | semen | semen | ˈseː.mɛn |
56 | leaf | folium | folivm | ˈfɔ.lʲɪ.ʊ̃ˑ |
57 | root | radix | radix | ˈraː.d̪iːks |
58 | bark (of a tree) | cortex | cortex | ˈkɔr.t̪ɛks |
59 | flower | flos | flos | ˈfɫoːs |
60 | grass | herba | herba | ˈhɛ̞r.ba |
61 | rope | funis, restis | fvnis, restis | ˈfuː.nɪs, ˈrɛs.t̪ɪs |
62 | skin | cutis | cvtis | ˈkʊ.t̪ɪs |
63 | meat | caro | caro | ˈka.roː |
64 | blood | sanguis | sangvis | ˈsaŋ.ɡᶣɪs |
65 | bone | os | os | ˈɔs |
66 | fat (noun) | pinguamen | pingvamen | ˈa.d̪ɛps, pɪŋ.ˈɡʷaː.mɛn |
67 | egg | ovum | ovvm | ˈɔ.wʊ̃ˑ |
68 | horn | cornu | cornv | ˈkɔr.nuː |
69 | tail | cauda | cavda | ˈkaʊ̯.d̪a |
70 | feather | penna | penna | ˈpɛn.na |
71 | hair | pilus | pilvs | ˈpɪ.ɫʊs |
72 | head | caput | capvt | ˈka.pʊt̪ |
73 | ear | auris | avris | ˈaʊ̯.rɪs |
74 | eye | oculus | ocvlvs | ˈɔ.kʊ.ɫʊs |
75 | nose | nasus, naris | nasvs, naris | ˈnaː.sʊs, ˈnaː.rɪs |
76 | mouth | os | os | ˈoːs |
77 | tooth | dens | dens | ˈd̪ẽːs |
78 | tongue (organ) | lingua | lingva | ˈlʲɪŋ.ɡʷa |
79 | fingernail | unguis | vngvis | ˈʊŋ.ɡᶣɪs |
80 | foot | pes | pes | ˈpeːs |
81 | leg | crus | crvs | ˈkruːs |
82 | knee | genu | genv | ˈɡɛ.nuː |
83 | hand | manus | manvs | ˈma.nʊs |
84 | wing | ala | ala | ˈaː.ɫa |
85 | belly | venter, abdomen | venter, abdomen | ˈwɛn̪.t̪ɛ̞r, ab.doː.mɛn |
86 | guts | viscera | viscera | ˈwɪs.kʊs |
87 | neck | cervix | cervix | ˈkɛ̞r.wiːks |
88 | back | dorsum, tergum | dorsvm, tergvm | ˈd̪ɔr.sʊ̃ˑ, ˈt̪ɛ̞r.ɡʊ̃ˑ |
89 | breast | mamma | mamma | ˈmam.ma |
90 | heart | cor | cor | ˈkɔr |
91 | liver | iecur | iecvr | ˈjɛ.kʊr |
92 | to drink | bibere | bibere | ˈbɪ.bɛ.rɛ |
93 | to eat | edere | edere | ˈɛ.dɛ.rɛ |
94 | to bite | mordere | mordere | mɔr.d̪eː.rɛ |
95 | to suck | sugere | svgere | ˈsuː.ɡɛ.rɛ |
96 | to spit | spuere | spvere | ˈspʊ.ɛ.rɛ |
97 | to vomit | vomere | vomere | ˈwɔ.mɛ.rɛ |
98 | to blow | (in)flare | inflare | ˈfɫaː.rɛ |
99 | to breathe | (re)spirare | respirare | spiː.ˈraː.rɛ |
100 | to laugh | ridere | ridere | riː.ˈd̪eː.rɛ |
101 | to see | videre | videre | wɪ.ˈd̪eː.rɛ |
102 | to hear | audire | avdire | aʊ̯.ˈd̪iː.rɛ |
103 | to know | scire | scire | ˈskiː.rɛ |
104 | to think | cogitare, putare, existimare | cogitare, pvtare, existimare | koː.ɡɪ.ˈt̪aː.rɛ, pʊ.ˈt̪aː.rɛ, ɛk.siːs̪.t̪ɪ.ˈmaː.rɛ |
105 | to smell | olfacere | olfacere | ɔɫ.ˈfa.kɛ.rɛ |
106 | to fear | timere | timere | t̪ɪ.ˈmeː.rɛ |
107 | to sleep | dormire | dormire | d̪ɔr.ˈmiː.rɛ |
108 | to live | vivere | vivere | ˈwiː.wɛ.rɛ |
109 | to die | mori | mori | ˈmɔ.riː |
110 | to kill | necare | necare | nɛ.ˈkaː.rɛ |
111 | to fight | luctari, pugnare | lvctari, pvgnare | ɫuːk.ˈt̪aː.riː |
112 | to hunt | venari | venari | pʊŋ.ˈnaː.rɛ |
113 | to hit | pellere, pulsare | pellere, pvlsare | weː.ˈnaː.riː |
114 | to cut | secare, caedere | secare, caedere | ˈpɛl.lʲɛ.rɛ |
115 | to split | dividere, scindere | dividere, scindere | d̪iː.ˈwɪ.d̪ɛ.rɛ, ˈskɪn̪.d̪ɛ.rɛ |
116 | to stab | pungere | pvngere | ˈpʊŋ.ɡɛ.rɛ |
117 | to scratch | scabere, radere | scabere, radere | ˈska.bɛ.rɛ, ˈraː.d̪ɛ.rɛ |
118 | to dig | fodere | fodere | ˈfɔ.d̪ɛ.rɛ |
119 | to swim | nare, natare | nare, natare | ˈnaː.rɛ, na.ˈt̪aː.rɛ |
120 | to fly | volare | volare | wɔ.ˈɫaː.rɛ |
121 | to walk | ambulare | ambvlare | am.bʊ.ˈɫaː.rɛ |
122 | to come | venire | venire | wɛ.ˈniː.rɛ |
123 | to lie (as in a bed) | cubare, iacere | cvbare, iacere | kʊ.ˈbaː.rɛ, ja.ˈkeː.rɛ |
124 | to sit | sedere | sedere | sɛ.ˈd̪eː.rɛ |
125 | to stand | stare | stare | ˈs̪t̪aː.rɛ |
126 | to turn (intransitive) | vertere | vertere | ˈwɛ̞r.t̪ɛ.rɛ |
127 | to fall | cadere | cadere | ˈka.dɛ.rɛ |
128 | to give | dare | dare | ˈda.rɛ |
129 | to hold | tenere | tenere | t̪ɛ.ˈneː.rɛ |
130 | to squeeze | exprimere | exprimere | ɛks.ˈprɪ.mɛ.rɛ |
131 | to rub | fricare, terere | fricare, terere | frɪ.ˈkaː.rɛ, ˈt̪ɛ.rɛ.rɛ |
132 | to wash | lavare | lavare | ɫa.ˈwaː.rɛ |
133 | to wipe | tergere | tergere | t̪ɛ̞r.ˈɡeː.rɛ |
134 | to pull | trahere | trahere | ˈt̪ra.hɛ.rɛ |
135 | to push | pellere | pellere | ˈpɛl.lʲɛ.rɛ |
136 | to throw | iacere | iacere | ˈja.kɛ.rɛ |
137 | to tie | ligare | ligare | lʲɪ.ˈɡaː.rɛ |
138 | to sew | (con)suere | consvere | ˈsʊ.ɛ.rɛ |
139 | to count | computare, numerare | compvtare, nvmerare | kɔm.pʊ.ˈt̪aː.rɛ, nʊ.mɛ.ˈraː.rɛ |
140 | to say | dicere | dicere | ˈd̪ɪ.kɛ.rɛ |
141 | to sing | canere | canere | ˈka.nɛ.rɛ |
142 | to play | ludere | lvdere | ˈɫuː.dɛ.rɛ |
143 | to float | fluctuare, fluitare | flvctvare, flvitare | fɫuːk.t̪ʊ.ˈaː.rɛ, fɫʊ.ɪ.ˈt̪aː.rɛ |
144 | to flow | fluere | flvere | ˈfɫʊ.ɛ.rɛ |
145 | to freeze | gelare | gelare | ɡɛ.ˈɫaː.rɛ |
146 | to swell | augere, tumere | avgere, tvmere | aʊ̯.ˈɡeː.rɛ, t̪ʊ.ˈmeː.rɛ |
147 | sun | sol | sol | ˈsoːɫ |
148 | moon | luna | lvna | ˈɫuː.na |
149 | star | stella | stella | ˈs̪t̪eːl.lʲa |
150 | water | aqua | aqva | ˈa.kʷa |
151 | rain | pluvia | plvvia | ˈpɫʊ.wi.a |
152 | river | flumen, fluvius, amnis | flvmen, flvvivs, amnis | ˈfɫuː.mɛn, ˈfɫʊ.wi.ʊs, ˈam.nɪs |
153 | lake | lacus | lacvs | ˈɫa.kʊs |
154 | sea | mare | mare | ˈma.rɛ |
155 | salt | sal | sal | ˈsaːɫ |
156 | stone | saxum, lapis, petra | saxvm, lapis, petra | ˈsak.sʊ̃ˑ, ˈɫa.pɪs, ˈpɛ.tra |
157 | sand | harena | harena | ha.ˈreː.nɑ |
158 | dust | pulvis | pvlvis | ˈpʊɫ.wɪs |
159 | earth | humus, terra, ager | hvmvs, terra, ager | ˈhʊ.mʊs, ˈt̪ɛ̞r.ra, ˈa.ɡɛ̞r |
160 | cloud | nubes, nebula | nvbes, nebvla | ˈnuː.beːs, ˈnɛ.bʊ.ɫa |
161 | fog | caligo, nebula, tenebrae | caligo, nebvla, tenebrae | kaː.ˈlʲiː.ɡoː, ˈnɛ.bʊ.ɫa, t̪ɛ.ˈnɛb.rae̯ |
162 | sky | caelum | caelvm | ˈkae̯.ɫʊ̃ˑ |
163 | wind | ventus | ventvs | ˈwɛn̪.t̪ʊs |
164 | snow | nix | nix | ˈnɪks |
165 | ice | gelu | gelv | ˈɡɛ.ɫuː |
166 | smoke | fumus | fvmvs | ˈfuː.mʊs |
167 | fire | ignis | ignis | ˈiːŋ.nɪs |
168 | ash | cinis | cinis | ˈkɪ.nɪs |
169 | to burn | urere, flammare | vrere, flammare | ˈuː.rɛ.rɛ, fɫam.ˈmaː.rɛ |
170 | road | via | via | ˈwi.a |
171 | mountain | mons | mons | ˈmõːs |
172 | red | ruber, rufus | rvber, rvfvs | ˈrʊ.bɛr, ˈruː.fʊs |
173 | green | viridis | viridis | ˈwɪ.rɪ.d̪ɪs |
174 | yellow | croceus, flavus | crocevs, flavvs | ˈkrɔ.ke.ʊs, ˈfɫaː.wʊs |
175 | white | albus, candidus | albvs, candidvs | ˈaɫ.bʊs, ˈkan.d̪ɪ.d̪ʊs |
176 | black | ater, niger | ater, niger | ˈaː.t̪ɛ̞r, ˈnɪ.ɡɛ̞r |
177 | night | nox | nox | nɔks |
178 | day | dies | dies | ˈd̪i.eːs |
179 | year | annus | annvs | ˈan.nʊs |
180 | warm | calidus | calidvs | ˈka.lʲɪ.dʊs |
181 | cold | frigidus | frigidvs | ˈfriː.ɡɪ.d̪ʊs |
182 | full | plenus | plenvs | ˈplʲeː.nʊs |
183 | new | novus | novvs | ˈnɔ.wʊs |
184 | old | vetus | vetvs | ˈwɛ.t̪ʊs |
185 | good | bonus | bonvs | ˈbɔ.nʊs |
186 | bad | malus | malvs | ˈma.ɫʊs |
187 | rotten | putridus | pvtridvs | ˈpʊ.t̪rɪ.d̪ʊs |
188 | dirty | sordidus, immundus | sordidvs, immvndvs | ˈsɔr.d̪ɪ.d̪ʊs, ɪm.mʊn̪.d̪ʊs |
189 | straight | rectus | rectvs | ˈreːk.t̪ʊs |
190 | round | rotundus | rotvndvs | rɔ.ˈt̪ʊn̪.d̪ʊs |
191 | sharp (as a knife) | acutus | acvtvs | a.ˈkuː.t̪ʊs |
192 | dull (as a knife) | hebes, retusus | hebes, retvsvs | ˈhɛ.bɛs, rɛ.ˈt̪uː.sʊs |
193 | smooth | suavis | svavis | sʊ.ˈaː.wɪs |
194 | wet | umidus, aqueus | vmidvs, aqvevs | ˈuː.mɪ.d̪ʊs, ˈa.kᶣe.ʊs |
195 | dry | siccus | siccvs | ˈsɪk.kʊs |
196 | correct | rectus | rectvs | ˈreːk.t̪ʊs |
197 | near | propinquus, proximus | propinqvvs, proximvs | prɔ.ˈpɪŋ.kʷʊs, ˈprɔk.sɪ.mʊs |
198 | far | longus | longvs | ˈɫɔŋ.ɡʊs |
199 | right | dexter | dexter | ˈd̪ɛks̪.t̪ɛ̞r |
200 | left | laevus, sinister | laevvs, sinister | ˈɫae̯.wʊs, sɪ.ˈnɪs̪.t̪ɛ̞r |
201 | at | ad, in | ad, in | ˈad, ˈɪn |
202 | in | in | in | ˈɪn |
203 | with | cum | cvm | ˈkʊ̃ˑ |
204 | and | et, -que | et, -qve | ɛt̪, -kᶣɛ |
205 | if | si | si | ˈsiː |
206 | because | quod | qvod | kʷɔd̪ |
207 | name | nomen | nomen | ˈnoːmɛn |
See also[szerkesztés]