Függelék:Szindhi Swadesh lista
Presentation[szerkesztés]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
References[szerkesztés]
List[szerkesztés]
| № | magyar | szindhi سنڌي edit (119) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | én | آئون (āū̃), مان (mā̃) (dialectal, Northern Sindh) | |
| 2 | te | تون (tū̃) | |
| 3 | ő | هِي (hī) (masculine proximal), هُو (hū) (masculine distal), هِيءَ (hīa) (feminine proximal), هُوءَ (hūa) (feminine distal) | |
| 4 | mi | اَسِين (asī̃), اسان (asā̃) | |
| 5 | ti | تَوِهِين (tavhī̃), توهان (tavhā̃) | |
| 6 | ők | هِي (hī) (proximal), هُو (hū) (distal) | |
| 7 | ez | هِي (hī) (masculine), هِيءَ (hīa) (feminine) | |
| 8 | az | هُو (hū) (masculine), هُوءَ (hūa) (feminine) | |
| 9 | itt | هِتي (hite) | |
| 10 | ott | هُتي (hute) | |
| 11 | ki? | ڪير (ker) | |
| 12 | mi? | ڇا (chā) | |
| 13 | hol? | ڪِٿي (kithe) | |
| 14 | mikor? | ڪَڏهَن (kad̤hã) | |
| 15 | hogy?, (hogyan?) | ||
| 16 | nem, ne! | ||
| 17 | mind, (minden) | سَڀُ (sabhu) | |
| 18 | sok | ||
| 19 | néhány | ||
| 20 | kevés | ||
| 21 | más | ||
| 22 | egy | هِڪُ (hiku) | |
| 23 | kettő | ٻہ (b̤a) | |
| 24 | három | ٽي (te) | |
| 25 | négy | چار (cār) | |
| 26 | öt | پَنجَ (panja) | |
| 27 | nagy | وَڏو (vad̤o) | |
| 28 | hosszú | ڊِگهو (ḍigho) | |
| 29 | széles | ڪُشادو (kuśādo), ويڪِرو (vekiro) | |
| 30 | vastag | ٿُلهو (thulho) | |
| 31 | nehéz | ڳَرو (g̈aro) | |
| 32 | kicsi | نَنڍو (naṇḍho) | |
| 33 | rövid | نَنڍو (naṇḍho) | |
| 34 | szűk | تَنگ (tang) | |
| 35 | vékony | سَنهو (sanho) | |
| 36 | nő | عورت ('aurat), زال (zāl) | |
| 37 | férfi | ماڻهُو (māṇhū), مَردُ (mardu) | |
| 38 | ember | ماڻهُو (māṇhū), اِنسانُ (insānu) | |
| 39 | gyerek | ٻارِ (b̤āri) | |
| 40 | feleség | زال (zāl), جوءِ (joe), گهَر واري (ghar vārī), اِستَري (istarī) | |
| 41 | férj | مَڙس (maṛs), گهَر وارو (ghar vāro) | |
| 42 | anya | ماءُ (māu) | |
| 43 | apa | پيءُ (pīu) | |
| 44 | állat | جانوَرُ (jānvaru) | |
| 45 | hal | مَڇي (machī) | |
| 46 | madár | پَکِي (pakhī) | |
| 47 | kutya | ڪُتو (kuto) | |
| 48 | tetű | جوُنءَ (jū̃a), جوُن (jū̃) | |
| 49 | kígyó | نانگُ (nāṅgu) | |
| 50 | féreg | ڪِيڙو (kīṛo) | |
| 51 | fa | وَڻُ (vaṇu) | |
| 52 | erdő | جھَنگَل (jhaṅgal) | |
| 53 | bot | ||
| 54 | gyümölcs | ميوا (mevā) | |
| 55 | mag | ||
| 56 | levél | پَنُ (panu) | |
| 57 | gyökér | پاڙَ (pāṛa) | |
| 58 | kéreg | ڇوڏو (chod̤o) | |
| 59 | virág | گُلُ (gulu) | |
| 60 | fű | گاھُ (gāhu) | |
| 61 | kötél | رَسو (raso) | |
| 62 | bőr | کل (khal) | |
| 63 | hús | گوشت (gośt) | |
| 64 | vér | رَتُ (ratu) | |
| 65 | csont | هڏو (had̤o) | |
| 66 | zsír | چرٻي (carb̤ī) | |
| 67 | tojás | آنو (āno) | |
| 68 | szarv | سڱ (siṅu) | |
| 69 | farok | پڇ (puchu) | |
| 70 | toll | کنڀ (khambhu) | |
| 71 | haj | وارَ (vāra) | |
| 72 | fej | مٿو (matho) | |
| 73 | fül | ڪَنَ (kana) | |
| 74 | szem | اکِ (akhi) | |
| 75 | orr | نَڪُ (naku) | |
| 76 | száj | واتُ (vātu) | |
| 77 | fog | ڏَندَ (d̤anda) | |
| 78 | nyelv | زَبانَ (zabāna) | |
| 79 | köröm | نَھُن (nahun) | |
| 80 | lábfej | پيرُ (peru) | |
| 81 | láb | ٽَنگَ (ṭaṅga) | |
| 82 | térd | گوڏو (god̤o) | |
| 83 | kéz | ھَٿَ (hatha) | |
| 84 | szárny | پر (paru) | |
| 85 | has | پيٽُ (peṭu) | |
| 86 | bél | آنڊو (āṇḍo) | |
| 87 | nyak | ڳِچي (g̈icī) | |
| 88 | hát | پُٺِ (puṭhi) | |
| 89 | mell | ڇاتي (chātī) | |
| 90 | szív | دِل (dil) | |
| 91 | máj | جِگَرُ (jigaru) | |
| 92 | iszik | پِيئَڻُ (pīaṇu), پِئَڻُ (piaṇu) | |
| 93 | eszik | کَائِڻُ (khāiṇu) | |
| 94 | harap | ||
| 95 | szopik | چُوپِڻُ (cūpaṇu), چُوسِڻُ (cūsaṇu) | |
| 96 | köp | ٿُڪَڻُ (thukaṇu) | |
| 97 | hány | اوڪَڻُ (okaṇu), اُلٽِي ڪَرڻُ (ulṭī karṇu) | |
| 98 | fúj | ڦُوڪَڻُ (phūkaṇu) | |
| 99 | lélegzik | سَاهُه کَڻڻُ (sāhu khaṇṇu) | |
| 100 | nevet | کِلَڻُ (khilaṇu) | |
| 101 | lát | ڏِسَڻُ (disaṇu) | |
| 102 | hall | ٻُڌَڻُ (b̤udhaṇu) | |
| 103 | tud | ڄَاڻَڻُ (j̈āṇaṇu) | |
| 104 | gondol | سوچَڻُ (socaṇu), خِيَالُ ڪَرَڻُ (xiyālu karaṇu) | |
| 105 | szagol | سُنگهَڻُ (suṅghaṇu), سِنگهَڻُ (siṅghaṇu) | |
| 106 | fél (ige) | ڊِڄَڻُ (ḍij̈aṇu) | |
| 107 | alszik | سُمهَڻُ (sumhaṇu) | |
| 108 | él | جِيئَڻُ (jīaṇu) | |
| 109 | meghal | مَرَڻُ (maraṇu) | |
| 110 | megöl | مَارَڻُ (māraṇu) | |
| 111 | harcol | وِڙهَڻُ (viṛhaṇu) | |
| 112 | vadászik | شِڪارُ ڪَرَڻُ (śikāru karaṇu) | |
| 113 | üt | مَارَڻُ (māraṇu) | |
| 114 | vág | ||
| 115 | hasít | ||
| 116 | szúr | ||
| 117 | vakar | ||
| 118 | ás | ||
| 119 | úszik | ||
| 120 | repül | ||
| 121 | megy | هَلَڻُ (halaṇu) | |
| 122 | jön | ||
| 123 | fekszik | ||
| 124 | ül | ||
| 125 | áll (ige) | ||
| 126 | fordul | ||
| 127 | esik | ||
| 128 | ad | ||
| 129 | tart | ||
| 130 | facsar | ||
| 131 | dörzsöl | ||
| 132 | mos | ||
| 133 | töröl | ||
| 134 | húz | ||
| 135 | tol | ||
| 136 | dob/hajít | ||
| 137 | köt | ||
| 138 | varr | ||
| 139 | számol | ||
| 140 | mond | ||
| 141 | énekel | ||
| 142 | játszik | ||
| 143 | lebeg | ||
| 144 | folyik | ||
| 145 | megfagy | ||
| 146 | dagad | ||
| 147 | nap | ||
| 148 | hold | ||
| 149 | csillag | ||
| 150 | víz | پاڻي (pānī) | |
| 151 | eső | مينھُن (mīnhun) | |
| 152 | folyó | نَدي (nadī) | |
| 153 | tó | ||
| 154 | tenger | سَمُنڊُ (samundu) | |
| 155 | só | ||
| 156 | kő | ||
| 157 | homok | وارِي (vārī) | |
| 158 | por | مِٽِي (miṭī) | |
| 159 | föld | ڌَرتِي (dhartī), زَمِينَ (zamīna) | |
| 160 | felhő | ڪَڪَرُ (kakaru) | |
| 161 | köd | ||
| 162 | ég (főnév) | ||
| 163 | szél | ||
| 164 | hó | بَرفَ (barfa) | |
| 165 | jég | ||
| 166 | füst | ||
| 167 | tűz | بَاھِه (bāhi) | |
| 168 | hamu | ||
| 169 | ég (ige) | ||
| 170 | út | ||
| 171 | hegy | جَبَلُ (jabalu) | |
| 172 | piros/vörös | ||
| 173 | zöld | ||
| 174 | sárga | ||
| 175 | fehér | ||
| 176 | fekete | ||
| 177 | éj | ||
| 178 | nap | ||
| 179 | év | ||
| 180 | meleg | گَرمِي (garmī) | |
| 181 | hideg | ٿَڌِ (thadhi) | |
| 182 | teli | ||
| 183 | új | ||
| 184 | régi | ||
| 185 | jó | سُٺو (suṭho) | |
| 186 | rossz | ||
| 187 | rohadt | ||
| 188 | piszkos | ||
| 189 | egyenes | ||
| 190 | kerek | ||
| 191 | éles | ||
| 192 | tompa | ||
| 193 | sima | ||
| 194 | nedves | ||
| 195 | száraz | ||
| 196 | helyes | ||
| 197 | közel | ||
| 198 | távol | ||
| 199 | jobb | ||
| 200 | bal | ||
| 201 | -nál, -nél | ||
| 202 | -ban, -ben | ||
| 203 | -val, -vel | ||
| 204 | és | ||
| 205 | ha | ||
| 206 | mert | ||
| 207 | név |